СТРУКТУРА АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОЇ ЕНЕРГЕТИКИ. ДОСВІД КИТАЮ

The reasons (use of fossil fuels as a heat carrier) and consequences (prolonged energy and economic crises) of global warming are analyzed. It is shown that developing countries, using more advanced technologies, particularly in electricity production, are gaining global markets for raw materials and fuel. The vector of technological growth is shifting to Asian and South American countries. The global structure of electricity production by fuel types in countries with the highest electricity consumption is examined. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) data, in 2019, the majority of electricity production came from fossil sources, a small part from nuclear energy (10.3%), and 26.7% from renewable energy sources (RES). It is demonstrated that half of the world's electricity production is concentrated in three countries: China (30%), the United States (15.5%), and India (6%). Significant contributions are made by EU countries, accounting for 11.2% of global production (including 37.1% from RES). Global renewable energy capacity was 16.7% in 2010, 26.3% in 2019, and 28.7% in 2021. This growth is attributed to the UN's climate policy, aiming at decarbonizing the global economy, and substantial investments in the energy sector. Challenges hindering further growth of renewable energy share in China and other countries are discussed, including the insufficient number of energy storage systems (partly due to high entry costs ranging from 200 to 600 dollars per kWh) and the need for long-distance energy transmission. China, a global leader in renewable energy usage, generates almost 50% of the world's renewable energy capacity. Solar energy, including space projects, is considered the most promising among RES. However, a complete transition to RES is currently impossible due to various reasons. The key problem lies in ensuring an uninterrupted energy supply to consumers. Therefore, there is a need to accelerate the development of powerful energy storage systems and power lines for end consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]