Leptospirosis in India: insights on circulating serovars, research lacunae and proposed strategies to control through one health approach.

Leptospirosis is one of the most neglected zoonotic infections of public health concern worldwide and a remerging infection in tropical countries such as India. The infection least explored disease and the epidemiological and other critical data are scarce for the disease rate reported and to control the infection. Leptospirosis as sapronosis is as underrated as the infection itself, and this article aims to explore the significance of this aspect of the disease. The research review aimed at the epidemiological understanding of the infection to control the negative impact of the disease. A mixed review and analysis were carried out to understand the knowledge published on the critical and understudied areas like epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and control of infection. A systematic analysis was carried out to extract information about the reported circulating strains, and research lacunae in India with the published data available in PubMed. The article elaborately discusses crucial inference areas of infection transmission and addresses lacunae in critically unacclaimed areas of infection to control the spread of infection using one health approach (OHA), and strategies to control leptospiral infection are proposed. The article also reviewed how and why Leptospirosis can be best studied and controlled by "One health approach" in India. Highlights: Leptospiral strains reported from one health domain source, human, animal, and environmental samples in India are listed to display the epidemiology of infection in India. This article discusses the lacunae in Leptospirosis research in crucial domains and one of the core areas of transmission and how it is the major target for the control of infection in animals and humans. The study has a list of recommendations for the establishment of a One Health working group and possible control strategies for transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]