Equivariant neural operators for gradient-consistent topology optimization.

Most traditional methods for solving partial differential equations (PDEs) require the costly solving of large linear systems. Neural operators (NOs) offer remarkable speed-ups over classical numerical PDE solvers. Here, we conduct the first exploration and comparison of NOs for three-dimensional topology optimization. Specifically, we propose replacing the PDE solver within the popular Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) algorithm, which is its main computational bottleneck. For this, the NO not only needs to solve the PDE with sufficient accuracy but also has the additional challenge of providing accurate gradients which are necessary for SIMP's density updates. To realize this, we do three things: (i) We introduce a novel loss term to promote gradient-consistency. (ii) We guarantee equivariance in our NOs to increase the physical correctness of predictions. (iii) We introduce a novel NO architecture called U-Net Fourier neural operator (U-Net FNO), which combines the multi-resolution properties of U-Nets with the Fourier neural operator (FNO)'s focus on local features in frequency space. In our experiments we demonstrate that the inclusion of the novel gradient loss term is necessary to obtain good results. Furthermore, enforcing group equivariance greatly improves the quality of predictions, especially on small training datasets. Finally, we show that in our experiments the U-Net FNO outperforms both a standard U-Net, as well as other FNO methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]