Predicting the Liquid Steel End-Point Temperature during the Vacuum Tank Degassing Process Using Machine Learning Modeling.

The present work focuses on predicting the steel melt temperature following the vacuum treatment step in a vacuum tank degasser (VTD). The primary objective is to establish a comprehensive methodology for developing and validating machine learning (ML) models within this context. Another objective is to evaluate the model by analyzing the alignment of the SHAP values with metallurgical domain expectations, thereby validating the model's predictions from a metallurgical perspective. The proposed methodology employs a Random Forest model, incorporating a grid search with domain-informed variables grouped into batches, and a robust model-selection criterion that ensures optimal predictive performance, while keeping the model as simple and stable as possible. Furthermore, the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) algorithm is employed to interpret the model's predictions. The selected model achieved a mean adjusted R 2 of 0.631 and a hit ratio of 75.3% for a prediction error within ±5 °C. Despite the moderate predictive performance, SHAP highlighted several aspects consistent with metallurgical domain expertise, emphasizing the importance of domain knowledge in interpreting ML models. Improving data quality and refining the model framework could enhance predictive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]