Implementation and assessment of a model including mixotrophs and the carbonate cycle (Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx v1.0) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal environment (Bay of Marseille, France) – Part 2: Towards a better representation of total alkalinity when modeling the carbonate system and air–sea CO2 fluxes

The Bay of Marseille (BoM), located in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, is affected by various hydrodynamic processes (e.g., Rhône River intrusion and upwelling events) that result in a highly complex local carbonate system. In any complex environment, the use of models is advantageous since it allows us to identify the different environmental forcings, thereby facilitating a better understanding. By combining approaches from two biogeochemical ocean models and improving the formulation of total alkalinity, we develop a more realistic representation of the carbonate system variables at high temporal resolution, which enables us to study air–sea CO 2 fluxes and seawater p CO 2 variations more reliably. We apply this new formulation to two particular scenarios that are typical for the BoM: (i) summer upwelling and (ii) Rhône River intrusion events. In both scenarios, our model was able to correctly reproduce the observed patterns of p CO 2 variability. Summer upwelling events are typically associated with a p CO 2 decrease that mainly results from decreasing near-surface temperatures. Furthermore, Rhône River intrusion events are typically associated with a p CO 2 decrease, although, in this case, the p CO 2 decrease results from a decrease in salinity and an overall increase in total alkalinity. While we were able to correctly represent the daily range of air–sea CO 2 fluxes, the present configuration of Eco3M_MIX-CarbOx does not allow us to correctly reproduce the annual cycle of air–sea CO 2 fluxes observed in the area. This pattern directly impacts our estimates of the overall yearly air–sea CO 2 flux as, even if the model clearly identifies the bay as a CO 2 sink, its magnitude was underestimated, which may be an indication of the limitations inherent in dimensionless models for representing air–sea CO 2 fluxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]