The DOE E3SM Version 2.1: Overview and Assessment of the Impacts of Parameterized Ocean Submesoscales.

The U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) version 2.1 builds on E3SMv2 with several changes, the most notable being the addition of the Fox-Kemper et al. (2011) mixed layer eddy parameterization. This parameterization captures the effect of finite-amplitude, mixed layer eddies as an overturning streamfunction and has the primary function of restratification. Herein, we outline the changes to the mean climate state of E3SM that were introduced by the addition of this parameterization. Overall, the presence of the submesoscale parameterization improves the fidelity of the v2.1 simulation by reducing the North Atlantic ocean surface biases present in v2, as illustrated by changes to the climatological sea surface temperature and salinity, as well as Arctic sea-ice extent. Other impacts include a slight shoaling of the mixed layer depths in the North Atlantic, as well as a small improvement to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). We note that the expected shoaling due to the parameterization is regionally dependent in our coupled configuration. In addition, we investigate why the parameterization and its impacts on mixed layer depth have little impact on the simulated AMOC: despite increased dense water formation in the Norwegian Sea, only a small fraction of the water formed makes its way south into the North Atlantic basin. Version 2.1 also exhibits small improvements in the atmospheric climatology, with smaller biases in many notable quantities and modes of variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]