Design and Implementation of Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antennas for GPS-Based Toll System.

GPS is using three LEO satellites at a distance of 550 kms from earth. Starlink satellite is emerging satellite system operating at 12/14 GHz (downlink/uplink) frequency for internet services. Wi-Fi services are using ISM band at 2.4 GHz. GPS system is operating at 1.5 GHz. The roadside network frequency is 10.9 GHz. On-board unit will be in each vehicle having all these five antennas. Wireless toll collection systems can be integrated with all these services in the vehicles travelling at expressways or highways. To eliminate congestion and bring in transparency in revenue collection at toll road, this paper proposed an integrated wireless system using five dielectric resonator antennas offering different services for the efficient way of toll collection. Antennas for roadside service, GPS, Wi-Fi and satellite service have been designed to facilitate vehicles and toll authorities. This system is proposed for efficient fare collection depending on the actual distance travelled by the vehicle. This paper has proposed five thermoset microwave material of 12.8 dielectric constant dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) using hardware prototyped and simulated models, integrated Z-shape cavity (air) for introducing right-hand circular polarization and left-hand circular polarization as novel features, beam steering using three slots with shorting pins. Measured, simulated and theoretical results have been found to be perfectly matching in the proposed DRAs. The beam steering is another novel feature, which is obtained due to structure of DRA by altering positions of ground plane slots. The proposed solution involves utilizing a machine learning model for toll collection, leveraging vehicle images captured during the transaction, and calculating the distance travelled using GPS data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]