Is coffee, tea, and red wine consumption beneficial for individuals with hypertension?

Objective To investigate the associations of tea, coffee, and red wine intakes with health risks among individuals with hypertension. Methods This prospective cohort study included participants with hypertension from the UK Biobank cohort. Study exposures included self-reported intakes of coffee, tea, and red wine. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes were cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular disease. The associations of beverage intake with outcomes were analyzed using Cox regression models. The hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated. Results A total of 187 708 participants with hypertension were included. The median follow-up period was 13.8 years. In individuals with hypertension, drinking one to two cups/day of coffee or three to four cups/day of tea was significantly associated with the lowest risk of all-cause mortality compared with less than one cup/day [hazard ratio for coffee, 0.943 (95% confidence interval, 0.908–0.979); hazard ratio for tea, 0.882 (95% confidence interval, 0.841–0.924)]. Red wine intake was inversely associated with all-cause mortality risk. Dose–response analysis revealed that high coffee intake (approximately greater than or equal to six cups/day) was significantly associated with increased risks of cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular disease, but high tea and red wine intakes were not. Furthermore, replacing plain water with tea, but not coffee, significantly reduced the risks of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease. Replacing other alcoholic beverages with red wine also significantly reduced the risks of all three outcomes. Conclusions These findings suggest that tea and red wine, but not coffee, can be part of a healthy diet for the hypertensive population. What is already known on this topic Previous studies showed that intakes of tea, coffee, and red wine were associated with health benefits in the general population. What this study adds Tea and red wine intakes were inversely associated with mortality and cardiovascular risk in individuals with hypertension, and these effects were not attributable to the respective water and alcohol ingredients. Modest and high coffee intakes were associated with slightly reduced mortality and elevated cardiovascular risk, respectively, and coffee intake was not more beneficial than water intake. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy Tea and red wine, but not coffee, can be part of a healthy diet in individuals with hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]