Using a Guidance Virtual Fixture on a Soft Robot to Improve Ureteroscopy Procedures in a Phantom.

Manipulating a flexible ureteroscope is difficult, due to its bendable body and hand–eye coordination problems, especially when exploring the lower pole of the kidney. Though robotic interventions have been adopted in various clinical scenarios, they are rarely used in ureteroscopy. This study proposes a teleoperation system consists of a soft robotic endoscope together with a Guidance Virtual Fixture (GVF) to help users explore the kidney's lower pole. The soft robotic arm was a cable-driven, 3D-printed design with a helicoid structure. GVF was dynamically constructed using video streams from an endoscopic camera. With a haptic controller, GVF can provide haptic feedback to guide the users in following a trajectory. In the user study, participants were asked to follow trajectories when the soft robotic arm was in a retroflex posture. The results suggest that the GVF can reduce errors in the trajectory tracking tasks when the users receive the proper training and gain more experience. Based on the NASA Task Load Index questionnaires, most participants preferred having the GVF when manipulating the robotic arm. In conclusion, the results demonstrate the benefits and potential of using a robotic arm with a GVF. More research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of the GVFs and the robotic endoscope in ureteroscopic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]