Afrophobia in Canadian Institutions: Youth Marginality, System Professionals and Systemic Barriers.

Until 1962, Canada was legally a Eurocentric racial state. After abandoning state-sanctioned racism in 1967, politicians soon realized that institutional entrenchment of racism would need more than laws-based anti-racism. Today, institutional racism, however, remains entrenched in Canadian institutions despite various mitigating processes by all levels of governments since the 1970s. In this qualitative paper, we analyze the marginalizing effects of system anti-Black racism and the dissonances between strategies and attitudes of system professionals and African-Canadian grassroots youth workers. From our findings, we conclude that effective youth workers prioritize behavior-in-time (experience-based) over behavior-in-discourse (text-based) in service provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]