Affirmative Action, Political Representation, Unions, and Female Police Employment.

Analyzes factors that affect the hiring of female officers by municipal police departments in the United States. Roles of affirmative action litigation, female political representation and unions in the hiring of females; Data and model specification; Findings that hiring of female recruits is negatively related to the proportion of males already employed in the department and that male-dominated departments are more likely to employ fitness exams for recruits.