Diurnal Variation of the AMSU-A Brightness Temperatures Over the Amazon Rainforest.

Brightness temperatures over the Amazon rainforest are obtained from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Units (AMSU-A and AMSU-B) instruments onboard three NOAA satellites (NOAA-15, -16, and -17, respectively) for the months of July, August, and October, 2002. The three AMSU-A instruments provided six daily measurements, separated by 2.5-5.5 h of the diurnal time intervals, over the Amazon rainforest region, and these measurements offer a unique opportunity for investigation of the diurnal variation of the brightness temperatures over the Amazon rainforests. The angular distributions of brightness temperatures over the Amazon rainforest are very stable and can be simulated with a radiative transfer model, which consists of an atmospheric radiative component and a rainforest-canopy model that treats the rainforest as a uniform layer with an effective canopy temperature. The simulated results agree well with the observations. The diurnal variation of brightness temperatures over the Amazon rainforest is simulated with a Fourier-series model. It shows that a second order of Fourier series can reproduce the observed pattern of diurnal variation of the brightness temperatures at zenith angles of 0°, 28.7°, and 58.1°, respectively. In a practical application, the coefficients of Fourier-series expansion can be used to generate the brightness temperatures as a function of diurnal hours. These results can be applied to postlaunch calibration of satellite-borne microwave radiometer with different equator crossing time. In addition, the results presented in this paper indicate that the Amazon rainforest can be used as a hot calibration reference target. The availability of a land calibration target is important for calibration and validation of spaceborne microwave radiometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]