Informality as a Planning Strategy.

The article offers a look on the significance of CALFED Bay-Delta Program (CALFED), a collaborative water management effort to manage the highly contested and interconnected system of waters, levees and habitat in the San Francisco Bay Estuary and Sacramento in California. The program engaged different agencies and stakeholders in a joint search for solutions to Bay-Delta problems. It changed how water was managed and produced new practices that persisted until 2005. According to the author, the formation of CALFED illustrates how formal and informal systems are interdependent across planning, participation and decision-making.