Contesting Citizenship: Comparative Analyses.

The pursuit of equal citizenship has been complicated by two recent developments: the emergence of multi-level governance (and with it the growing importance of local, regional and global levels of citizenship practices) and the emergence of group recognition claims (which signal the growing importance of particularised experiences and multiple inequality agendas). These developments shape the way citizenship is both practiced and analysed. Mapping neat citizenship models onto distinct nation-states and evaluating these in relation to formal equality is no longer an adequate approach. Comparative citizenship analyses need to be considered in relation to multiple inequalities and their intersections, and to multi-level governance and trans-national organising. This, in turn, suggests that comparative citizenship analysis needs to consider new spaces in which struggles for equal citizenship occur and new dynamics interactions between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]