THE DIALECTICAL ORGANIZATION: AN ALTERNATIVE TO BUREAUCRACY.

The development of public administration in the U.S. was the extent to which sociological factors apparently affected the prescriptions and principles of which its literature was composed. Through the early teachings, the successes of the reform movement and the widespread adoption of the city-manager form of government, has been widely distributed both through academia and the general public. Political scientists and sociologists have begun to raise questions about the operation of administrative structures in and on government and society. It seems odd that the field of public administration itself has not evidenced a general awareness of the rumblings of change that are being heard in the public and from some intellectuals. The traditional bureaucratic administrative structure possesses two central characteristics. The more basic of those is the principle of hierarchy, which entails strictly defined roles articulated in terms of layers of authority. Policy is set at the top of the hierarchy and transmitted down through rules and close authoritative supervision, which insures that the rules are followed.