Corporate Social Performance and Firm Risk: A Meta-Analytic Review.

Building on earlier work on the relationship between corporate social performance (CSP) and a firm's financial performance, this integrative empirical study supports the theoretical argument that the higher a firm's CSP the lower its financial risk. Specifically, the relationship between CSP and risk appears to be one of reciprocal causality, because prior CSP is negatively related to subsequent financial risk, and prior financial risk is negatively related to subsequent CSP. Additionally, CSP is more strongly correlated with measures of market risk than measures of accounting risk. Of all CSP measures, reputation for social responsibility appears to be the most important one in terms of its risk implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]