Exceptional dense water formation on the Adriatic shelf in the winter of 2012.

We document dense water formation (DWF) throughout the Adriatic shelf and coastal area in January/February 2012, resulting in record-breaking densities observed during and after the event. The unprecedented dense water generation was preconditioned by a dry and warm year which resulted in a significant reduction of coastal freshwaters, superimposed on a long-term basin-wide salinity increase. The final event that triggered the DWF was an extended period of cold weather with strong and severe winds. Record-breaking potential density anomalies (above 30 kgm^-3) were measured at several DWF sites. Accumulated surface net heat and water losses in some coastal regions exceeded 1.5GJm^-2 and 250 kgm^-2 over 21 days, respectively. Excessiveness, importance of shelf-type DWF, effects on the thermohaline circulation and deep aquatic systems, and connection with climate change are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]