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Macrophages in Tumor Microenvironments and the Progression of Tumors.
- Source :
- Clinical & Developmental Immunology; 2012, p1-11, 11p, 2 Diagrams
- Publication Year :
- 2012
-
Abstract
- Macrophages are widely distributed innate immune cells that play indispensable roles in the innate and adaptive immune response to pathogens and in-tissue homeostasis.Macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and polarized to functionally different phenotypes. Two distinct subsets of macrophages have been proposed, including classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2)macrophages.M1macrophages express a series of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and effectormolecules, such as IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, iNOS and MHCI/II. In contrast, M2 macrophages express a wide array of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and arginase1. In most tumors, the infiltrated macrophages are considered to be of the M2 phenotype, which provides an immunosuppressive microenvironment for tumor growth. Furthermore, tumor-associated macrophages secrete many cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, which promote tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Recently, it was also found that tumor-associated macrophages interact with cancer stem cells. This interaction leads to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. So mediating macrophage to resist tumors is considered to be potential therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Subjects :
- MACROPHAGES
CANCER invasiveness
IMMUNE response
CELLULAR immunity
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 17402522
- Database :
- Complementary Index
- Journal :
- Clinical & Developmental Immunology
- Publication Type :
- Academic Journal
- Accession number :
- 84745592
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/948098