Core/shell magnetism in NiO nanoparticles.

The anomalous appearance of a ferromagnetic moment in nominally antiferromagnetic nanoparticles has been known about since Néel, but never well understood. We present proof of the core/shell model of magnetism in antiferromagnetic NiO nanoparticles (NP) using neutron diffraction. Nickel oxide nanoparticles were produced in a large quantity by a novel continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis method. The antiferromagnetic nature of the nanoparticles allowed the structural and the magnetic diffraction peaks to be completely separated. Using both the microstructure option in "Fullprof" microstructure fitting suite and convolution techniques, we determined the NP consisted of an ordered antiferromagnetic core 5.2(2) nm in diameter surrounded by a disordered shell 0.7(2) nm thick. Further magnetic measurements showed that this disordered shell possess a significant polarisable magnetisation, up to a fifth that of pure nickel. They also indicate that two magnetic transitions occur between 400 and 10 K; around 350 K, there is a broad transition from paramagnetic to a form of superparamagnetism, then near 30 K there is a transition to a higher anisotropy state. Differences in field cooled and zero field cooled hysteresis loops were found, though with no evidence of exchange bias effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]