Application of operando spectroscopy on catalytic reactions.

This mini-review summarizes the use of operando spectroscopy to investigate the dynamic structure of heterogeneous catalysts under working conditions. Following the background to the development of operando spectroscopy, we briefly reviewed the latest highlight on this subject. Then, two challenging but attention-grabbing techniques, that is operando techniques under the harsh conditions and the integration of operando techniques in a unit cell, were introduced. Likely, operando techniques open up new vistas to explore reaction mechanisms and help us design the next generation industrial catalysts. Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering 2016, 12 :1–7 This review comes from a themed issue on Nanotechnology Edited by Hong Yang and Hua Chun Zeng For a complete overview see the Issue and the Editorial Available online 4th February 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coche.2016.01.004 2211-3398/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]