Happy Ike, The Pink Kid, and the American Presence in Early British Comics.

The article explores the influence of American cartoons and comics on British comics at the fin-de-siècle. Topics include the reproduction of comics between Britain and the U.S., such as those done by British comics publisher James Henderson. Topics include lack of copyright protections, the evolution of comic strips, and the adaptation of American R.F. Outcault’s “Yellow Kid” as "The Pink Kid" in the 1897 "Comic Home Journal," and Frederick Opper's American comic "Happy Hooligan" which appeared in Hearst publications was republished as “Happy Ikey Hoogan” in the "Big Budget" British periodical.