Measurement of hand grip strength in the elderly: A scoping review with recommendations.

Hand grip strength has been widely used as a lead measure in geriatric conditions such as frailty. However, diversity in assessment protocols and methodologies creates uncertainty in the comparison of outcome measurements. The aim of this study was to review the literature relating to the measurement of hand grip strength in older adults, in order to develop further consensus in relation to the use of existing protocols in clinical and community settings, with an emphasis on practicality and suitability for frail persons. Five electronic English databases were searched using keywords such as 'hand grip strength', 'clinimetric assessment', and their synonyms. Age-related trends in adults aged ≥65 years were assessed, and comparisons were made of the following variables: dynamometer model and handle setting, hand positioning, warm-up trials, grip duration, number of repeated tests, rest periods, laterality of tested hand, and whether encouragement was given to the subjects. Thirty-four research papers met the inclusion criteria and were included. A Jamar hand dynamometer was most frequently used. Variations were found in the positioning of the subject and in the duration of the rest period, which ranged from 10 to 20 s to 1 min. Grip strength was typically measured three times in the dominant hand, with the strongest grip being recorded and no encouragement being provided during assessment. Based on the scoping review, we propose a detailed and standardised protocol that is suitable for the assessment of hand grip strength in frail older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]