The implementation of ecosystem-based management in New Zealand – A Māori perspective.

The successful implementation of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBM) in New Zealand's marine estate is dependent upon the establishment of a new Māori-Crown (New Zealand Government) governance arrangement. It would be the responsibility of both Māori and the Crown to partner in the identification and selection of stakeholders to be included in EBM processes, and to regulate activity within various jurisdictions as per recommendations from stakeholders. The creation of new Crown-Māori governing authorities requires an adjustment of existing jurisdictions and functions of central government, local government, iwi and hapū (Māori tribes/clans) to align with actual ecological and social functions at different scales. We conclude that with such jurisdictions in place then EBM will align with traditional Māori governing and property right systems and New Zealand's Te Tiriti (Treaty)-based constitutional foundations. Finally, we determine that traditional Māori hui protocols may offer an excellent foundation for EBM decision-making processes to 'pull' people out of their vested position and interest to arrive at evidence-based positions reflective of ecological and social good. • Traditional Māori marine governance was 'ecosystem'-based. • Māori have spent decades reclaiming marine governance and property rights. • EBM could be considered 'governance by stealth', posing a threat to these gains. • Any EBM in New Zealand must ensure Māori are engaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]