Combined effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of diclofenac and cadmium on Chironomus riparius larvae.

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) is considered a contaminant of emerging concern. DCF can co-exist with heavy metals in aquatic environments, causing unexpected risks to aquatic organisms. This study aimed to assess the combined effects of DCF and cadmium (Cd) at environmentally relevant concentrations on the bioconcentration and status of oxidative stress and detoxification in Chironomus riparius larvae. The larvae were exposed to DCF (2 and 20 μg L⁻¹) and Cd (5 and 50 μg L⁻¹) alone or in mixtures for 48 h. The combined exposure to DCF and Cd was found to reciprocally facilitate the accumulation of each compound in larvae compared with single exposures. As indicated by the antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced glutathione levels, and malondialdehyde contents, the low concentration of the mixture (2 μg L⁻¹ DCF + 5 μg L⁻¹ Cd) did not alter the oxidative stress status in larvae, while the high concentration of the mixture (20 μg L⁻¹ DCF + 50 μg L⁻¹ Cd) induced stronger oxidative damage to larvae compared with single exposures. The expression levels of eight genes (CuZnSOD , MnSOD , CAT , GSTd3 , GSTe1 , GSTs4 , CYP4G , and CYP9AT2) significantly decreased due to the high concentration of the mixture compared with single exposures in most cases. Overall, the results suggest that the mixture of DCF and Cd might exert greater ecological risks to aquatic insects compared with their individual compounds. Image 1 • Combined effects of diclofenac and cadmium were assessed in C. riparius larvae. • The co-existence of diclofenac and cadmium reciprocally enhanced their accumulation. • The high-level mixture induced stronger oxidative damage to larvae. • The high-level mixture caused greater decreases in gene expressions in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]