Resilience compromised: Producing vulnerability to climate and market among quinoa producers in Southwestern Bolivia.

• Smallholder producers in Bolivia already experience the impact of climate change. • Climate change is confounded by other stressors, including market volatility. • Resilience to climate and market crises is compromised by existing vulnerabilities. • Vulnerabilities are produced through past development pathways. • A political ecology of resilience historicizes the double exposure. Climate change is already affecting rural communities along the high Andean plateau, but it is just one of many stresses that Andean people experience on a regular basis. This paper examines the experiences of quinoa farmers in Southwestern Bolivia as they faced the overlapping crises of protracted drought and market disruption in 2017. Drawing on political ecologies of resilience, this paper argues that the ability of rural people to cope with this double exposure was already compromised by ecological and social vulnerabilities produced through the development trajectories of the previous two decades. These development strategies generated three overlapping processes: 1) neoliberal entanglements involving specialization in quinoa production, marketization, and individualization of livelihoods in ways that undermined collective action; 2) new relationships of debt that tied households to monetized response paths and undermined flexibility; and 3) the degradation of soils through extensification, overproduction, and industrialization of quinoa production. This paper argues that while climate and market disruptions are not to be dismissed, we must historicize the double exposure to also ask how resilience and vulnerability to such challenges are generated in the first place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]