A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of electric appliance end-use demand in the residential sector: Case study of Tours (France).

• A spatio-temporal analysis is proposed to simulate the household electricity demand related to electric appliances end-use. • A combination of a sample survey from 54 households in a urban context allowed for determining the influencing factors on possession of electric appliances. • The frequency of usage as well as the time of use of most of these appliances depend on the active occupancy of the household members. • The maximum energy demand is related to a middle-aged couple accommodated in a large dwelling. • The energy consumption per person is more efficient when various persons share the dwelling together. To analyse residential electricity consumption/demand, it is often broken down into five end-uses, namely lighting, hot water, space heating/cooling, cooking, and domestic appliances. Unlike other electricity end-uses, there is no specific method to determine the number of electric appliances in residential buildings, and it is difficult to estimate their pattern of usage due to household behaviour. The increasing demand of domestic appliance use in France in recent decades is attributed to advances in technology, increased dwelling size, and changes in lifestyle and comfort requirements, resulting in increased ownership and frequency of use of these appliances. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the total demand, it is necessary to determine the variables impacting the ownership and utilisation of electric appliances. This paper provides a spatio-temporal analysis at a local scale, focusing on electric appliances in the residential sector. This analysis can be used to illustrate the areas where the application of energy efficiency measures can be improved. By identifying the socio-economic variables impacting electricity demand through micro- and macro-scale modelling techniques, we simulated the load profile of electric appliances, based on a survey of 54 households and national statistics regarding the daily activity of French people. The results demonstrate that size of dwelling, financial status, age of the reference person in the household, and household size and composition are the main variables determining the number of electric appliances owned by the household. These data are crucial for electricity demand forecasting, Demand Response and Demand-Side Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]