Efficacy of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in regulating growth performance, total glutathione and redox state of Calendula officinalis L. cultivated on Pb and Cd polluted soil.

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have recently attracted huge attention to their impacts on the environment and plants. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the responses of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) exposed pot marigold plants to various levels of MWCNT. Calendula officinalis (L.) seedlings were cultivated in Pb and Cd-polluted soils with exposure to 0, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg L⁻¹ of MWCNT. The results demonstrated that foliar-applied MWCNT up to 250 mg L⁻¹ not only alleviated Pb and Cd-induced toxicity by reducing oxidative damage and boosting both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system but also promoted the phytoremediation property of pot marigold plants by enhancing the accumulation of both Pb and Cd from the soil. Interestingly, oxidative damage exacerbation and both Pb and Cd accumulation reduction were noticed in pot marigold seedlings exposed to 500 and 1000 mg L⁻¹ MWCNTs. The findings of this study clearly showed that the use of appropriate concentrations of MWCNTs in increasing the phytoremediation properties of pot marigold was justified, while the use of high concentrations is toxic to the plant and intensifies the toxic effects of heavy metals (HMs) on plant physiology. This study provides a novel method to facilitate the phytoremediation of HMs polluted soils using MWCNT as well as explores the potential risks of these nanoparticles to the plants. • The foliar-application of MWCNT alleviated Pb and Cd-induced toxicity. • MWCNTs reduced oxidative damage and boosted antioxidant defense system. • The lower doses of MWCNTs could be used for increasing phytoremediation properties to Calendula officinalis (L.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]