The peak load shaving assessment of developing a user-oriented vehicle-to-grid scheme with multiple operation modes: The case study of Shenzhen, China.

• The concept of developing a user-oriented vehicle-to-grid (V2G) scheme is presented. • The peak shaving capacity of a user-oriented V2G scheme for power grids is assessed. • The global/divided model is developed for centralized/decentralized V2G strategies. • The city of Shenzhen is taken as a case study for the peak shaving assessment. The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology creates a cost-effective alternative solution for the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) into smart grids. Two mainstreams of operation modes exist for the V2G implementation, viz. the centralized and decentralized V2G operation mode. In previous studies, researchers used to assume that EV users involved would participate in a special mode for the coordinated V2G strategy. In fact, the requirements of EV users on the V2G operation vary from individual to individual, depending on the type of EV usage, the charging preference of EV users, and the urgency degree of EV charging. Therefore, it is essential to develop a user-oriented V2G scheme with multiple operation modes to make more EVs participate in the V2G operation for coordinated charging. In this paper, the peak shaving capacity of a user-oriented V2G scheme with multiple operation modes is surveyed compared to the conventional charging mode. The city of Shenzhen, China, is taken as a case study to evaluate the power demand of EV charging during peak hours for different scenarios. In order to obtain the coordinated EV charging strategy, the global/divided scheduling optimization model is developed for the centralized/decentralized V2G strategy. The global scheduling method devotes to minimizing the total EV charging costs whereas the divided scheduling method aims to minimize the individual EV charging costs based on the time of use pricing system. Results reveal that the power demand during peak periods is decreased by 0.93 GW or 5.89 % for a modest case in a user-oriented V2G scheme in contrast to the conventional charging mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]