The Ecological Conservation Redline program: A new model for improving China's protected area network.

The improvement of protected areas (PAs) is a global challenge for society. In 2017, China implemented the ambitious "Ecological Conservation Redline" (ECR) program, with the aim of increasing its PA estate and improving human welfare. Since its implementation, the ECR has attracted much attention from both researchers and managers. However, the understanding of the ECR by some researchers is still unclear, resulting in debates about its practicality and effectiveness. We therefore provide a clear description of the ECR in this paper. The ECR was proposed as a conservation theory in China in 2011 and was transformed into nationwide practice in 2017. Compared with existing PAs, the ECR expanded the conservation network by considering hotspots of ecological function and fragility beyond biodiversity, which was highlighted by the example of Sichuan Province, China. To balance the demands of conservation and development, a list of "positive" human activities is presented following negotiations between government and stakeholders. In addition, a remote sensing platform and an ecological compensation system have been applied to provide technological and economic support to the ECR. Finally, we make recommendations for improving the redline identification method, evaluating the effects of its implementation, broadening the funding sources for ecological compensation, and strengthening legal safeguarding. The advancement of the ECR provides a new model for environmental planning leading to a sustainable future. • China's Ecological Conservation Redline program aims to improve the protected area network. • The redline concept considers hotspots of ecological function and fragility beyond biodiversity. • This paper clarifies the program and its core principles. • Recommendations are made to enhance the redline identification method and its evaluation. • Ecological compensation funding and strengthening legal safeguarding are also necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]