Online incivility, argument quality and public expression in China: Exploring the moderating role of education level and opinion congruency.

• After being exposed to uncivil content, the less-educated people are more likely to express whereas the well-educated tend to remain silent in China. • Incivility and argument quality have a combined effect on public expression. Even equipped with strong argument, incivility can decrease people's expression willingness. • Mixed evidence regarding the impact of online incivility on public expression can be explained by comment's argument quality, topic, and receiver's education level. Uncivil comments are prevalent in Chinese cyberspace. Many studies have explored the impacts of online incivility and argument quality on public expression, but very few studies have been conducted in authoritarian societies. We conducted two online experiments with different topics in China. The results showed that after being exposed to uncivil content, people's intentions to make comments online changed depending on their education level and opinion congruency. The less-educated people are more likely to express whereas the well-educated tend to remain silent. Besides, incivility and argument quality can work together to influence public expression. A strong argument with a civil tone can promote people's enthusiasm for expression. But a strong argument with an uncivil tone can decrease people's expression willingness. However, uncivil comments with weak arguments increase less-educated people's willingness to express themselves publicly. Besides, opinion congruency moderates the relationship between argument strength and online expression. But the pattern was contingent upon the nature of the discussion topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]