Microindentation analysis of mechanical properties evolution during an artificial hydrocarbon generation process.

The last decade witnessed rapid growth of shale oil and gas production. Increasing numbers of shale reservoirs have been explored and developed. Since hydrocarbon generation is an important process in forming a shale reservoir, it has attracted great attention from researchers. However, previous works mainly focus on geochemical changes during the hydrocarbon generation process, and investigations of the change of other parameters are insufficient. In this study, we intend to fill this gap in the literature by examining the mechanical properties evolution of organic-rich shales during an artificial hydrocarbon generation experiment. Continuous stiffness measurement (CSM) and microindentation test are used to measure the mechanical properties of rocks. The result of CSM shows the influence of indentation depth on Young's modulus. Three stages are identified, and a displacement of 4000 nm–6000 nm is determined to be appropriate for measuring bulk mechanical properties. Microindentation results of shales at different hydrocarbon generation stages exhibit a hill-like trend. The Young's modulus with an initial value of 42.15 GPa increases as the hydrocarbon generation proceeds, reaches a maximum value of 46.49 GPa, and then begins to decrease and reaches the lowest value of 37.41 GPa. Indentation hardness and estimated fracture toughness by an energy-based method show similar trends to Young's modulus. Scanning electron microscope observation of post-hydrocarbon-generation samples may provide an explanation of the hill-like trend. • Young's modulus variation with displacement can be identified as three stages. • Young's modulus exhibits a hill-like trend as hydrocarbon-generation proceeds. • Relationships between Young's modulus, indentation hardness and fracture toughness are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]