Rebel governance without territorial control: The experiences of the PKK in 1970s Turkey.

• Practises of rebel governance can predate insurgency onset. • Territorial control is not a precondition for rebel governance. • The conceptual scope of rebel governance should be extended. • Consideration should be afforded to contingencies in movement trajectories. • The PKK engaged in municipal electoral politics in the late 1970s. Insurgent movements rely on popular support using varying strategies to build supportive constituencies, including forms of rebel governance. The rebel governance literature explicitly limits its scope to insurgent cases with territorial control, excluding all groups that did not obtain territorial control, areas of weaker insurgent presence and early phases of mobilisation. This article focuses on Kurdistan Workers Party's (PKK) use of rebel governance (1977–1980) through municipal politics prior to the launch of its insurgency. The article makes two important contributions: firstly, it demonstrates the need to broaden the scope of the rebel governance literature to include phases where insurgent movements do not control territory. Secondly, it critiques the linearity of retrospective readings of insurgent trajectories that downplay the role of interactions and contingency in early mobilizational phases. It is based on original data including primary source documents and qualitative interviews with people involved in the PKK's municipal politics between 1977 and 1980. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]