Mathematic Analyses about Error Bars using SD, SE and CI in Psychological Research Results (Updated June 20, 2024).

This article discusses the use of error bars in psychological research papers and raises questions about the differences between error bars using the Standard Deviation (SD), the Standard Error (SE), and the Confidence Interval (CI). The paper aims to clarify misconceptions and confusions in error bar applications through mathematical theory analyses. The article acknowledges that controversies over error bar applications have been an unsettled issue in the psychological field and other scientific domains. However, it is important to note that this preprint has not been peer-reviewed. [Extracted from the article]