IGWO based robust nonlinear control design for androgen suppression therapy in prostate tumor patients.

Tumor recurrence is a severe problem of prostate cancer hormone therapy. The long-term androgen deprivation may result in the regeneration of androgen-independent (AI) cells. Intermittent androgen suppression (IAS) may be used to postpone or avoid androgen-independent relapse. Long-term hormone deprivation is associated with side effects that are poorly tolerated by patients. As a result, IAS is projected to improve clinical efficacy while reducing adverse effects and improving patients' quality of life during off-treatment times. Numerous mathematical models have been developed in the literature to investigate cancer dynamics in the context of hormone therapy. This study introduced several control methods, such as sliding mode control (SMC), integral sliding mode control (ISMC), super-twisting sliding mode control (ST-SMC), integral super-twisting sliding mode control (IST-SMC), and adaptive positive semi-definite barrier function-based sliding mode control (APB-SMC). The aim was to explore how these strategies could enhance hormone therapy's efficacy and patient outcomes, particularly in managing tumor recurrence and advancing prostate cancer treatment. However, using controllers to diminish cancer cells develops resistance to the treatment in most trials, highlighting the need for accurate drug scheduling. The parameters of the proposed controller were adjusted through a refined grey wolf optimization method, with the integral of the time absolute error serving as the target metric. The stability of the controllers is verified through mathematical analysis based on the Lyapunov stability theory. We tested the proposed controllers using MATLAB/Simulink simulations and validated the hardware through a hardware-in-the-loop experimental setup. This setup included the C2000 Delfino™ and the MCU F28379D Launchpad, operating in a real-time environment. • APSBFSMC controller is designed for therapeutic agent of the prostate cancer. • Comparative analysis has been done with previous studies. • Lyapunov stability theory is used for stability of tumor cells to desired reference. • MATLAB based simulations have been done to validate the proposed controllers. • Hardware validation through hardware-in-loop experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]