Earliest Civilizations: 4000-1000 bce.

An almanac entry for the early civilization from 4000 to 1000 BCE is presented. In Mesopotamia, the Sumerians were the first to live. They used clay tablets with pictographs to keep records. In Egypt, agricultural villages along the Nile River were united by around 3300 BCE into 2 kingdoms, Upper and Lower Egypt, unified under the pharaoh Menes.