Introduction.

Research in the domain of biologically inspired walking machines has been ongoing for over 20 years [59, 166, 190, 199, 207]. Most of it has focused on the construction of such machines [34, 47, 216, 223], on a dynamic gait control [43, 117, 201] and on the generation of an advanced locomotion control [30, 56, 104, 120], for instance on rough terrain [5, 66, 102, 180, 192]. In general, these walking machines were solely designed for the purpose of motion without responding to environmental stimuli. However, from this research area, only a few works have presented physical walking machines reacting to an environmental stimulus using different approaches [6, 36, 72, 95]. On the one hand, this shows that less attention has been paid to walking machines performing reactive behaviors. On the other hand, such complex systems can serve as a methodology for the study of embodied systems consisting of sensors and actuators for explicit agent-environment interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]