Targeting innate immunity for CV benefit.

The initiation and progression of vascular inflammation are driven by the retention of cholesterol in the artery wall, where its modification by oxidation and/or enzymes triggers the innate immune host response. Although previously considered a broad, primitive defense mechanism against invading pathogens, it has become clear that pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system can cooperate to precisely regulate signaling pathways essential for the proper initiation of both innate and acquired immunity. Recent evidence suggests that these pattern recognition receptors may orchestrate the host response to modified endogenous ligands involved in sterile chronic inflammatory syndromes, including atherosclerosis. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of innate immune receptors and the putative ligands that regulate the numerous responses that promote this disease, including monocyte recruitment, macrophage cholesterol uptake, and pro-inflammatory signaling cascades. Specific emphasis will be placed on the potential of these innate immune targets for therapeutic interventions to retard the progression of atherosclerosis or to induce its regression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]