Push and pull factors affecting Filipino students' Shadow Education (SE) participation.

While a number of national studies have been conducted in various parts of the globe, determinant patterns of shadow education (SE) in the Philippines is still unknown. This study aims to establish preliminary data on the factors that determine SE participation of a select group of 1,235 Filipino basic education students. Respondents were asked to accomplish a researcher-made instrument (Cronbach α = 93.5%), wherein data was treated in-depth through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed that despite the rising education cost vis-à-vis students' socio-economic status, there exist a number of factors that determine Filipino students continued SE participation. Such factors can be used as basis in curricular and instructional restructuring and in strengthening the dynamics between school and community partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]