Nacionalinės pilietybės politika (lyginamoji Vengrijos, Lenkijos ir Lietuvos atvejų analizė).

This paper aims to investigate, from a comparative perspective, the policy of citizenship as a species of public policy with a view of both its objective content and of its interaction with other public policies. Our guiding assumption is that the basic principles of citizenship policy are highly stable and practically do not change over very long periods of time, and that those elements that do change serve other public policies; i. e., they perform an auxiliary function serving other policies. In this paper naturalization policy and policy with respect to dual/multiple citizenship are held to be the changing elements of citizenship policy as a species of public policy; and these elements can best serve, or be accommodated to, the pragmatic needs of society. It is these elements of citizenship policy that we delve into on the basis of a comparative case analysis of Hungary, Poland, and Lithuania. A statistical analysis of naturalization data shows that, viewed from the EU perspective, all three countries follow a strict condition-based conservative naturalization policy. With respect to the legal regulations concerning naturalization in Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary, Lithuania's policy can be judged to be one of the least open: compared with Poland and Hungary, it sets the longest residence-requirement and also requires passing exams on the Constitution and the state language. There is also a strict requirement of renouncing previously held nationality. Of the three countries investigated, Lithuania's naturalization policy is the very strictest, although during the past years Poland also evinced a tendency to tighten naturalization conditions (at least at the level of legal regulation) with respect to persons of non-Polish descent. Comparing Poland and Hungary with Lithuania discloses yet another significant difference in naturalization policy. Both Hungary and Poland implement a preferential naturalization policy toward their own ethnics, whereas Lithuania's policy and concept of naturalization is such that naturalization has almost no relation to the awarding of citizenship to ethnic Lithuanians. The latter can acquire it either by birth, or by having it reinstated. Of the three states Hungary recognizes dual/multiple citizenship most widely, although during the last years Poland too is moving towards and open and official recognition of dual/multiple citizenship for emigrants and immigrants. On the whole, Poland's national citizenship policy in the 21st century shows efforts at liberalization while at the same time conditions are created for persons of Polish descent to acquire citizenship preferentially. Citizenship policy in Poland and Hungary helps solve the problems of other public policies. Lithuania's citizenship policy from 2007 to 2009, contrary to that of Poland, became ever more closed. When legal disputes and arguments play a dominant and decisive role, national citizenship policy lays claim to a naturally important sphere of public policy (or at least of public law) while not contributing to, or helping in, the solution of other problems of public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]