Qing chu difang guan kaoman chengxu chutan.

This article discusses a lesser-known type of civil service administration called "kaoman," which could be roughly translated as full-term inspection. Full-term inspection was an important part of an examination system in the Ming dynasty. It reviewed officials' conduct, behavior, and administrative performance. At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, from 1644 to 1655, full-term inspections were carried out twenty-two times but officials were not always reviewed on a fixed schedule. This article draws from a wide range of primary source documents to explain how these full-term inspections were carried out in the provinces with local officials and how they implicated the exercise of state power.