Commitment to sexual differentiation in the human malaria parasite, <e1>Plasmodium falciparum</e1>

The differentiation of the two sexes in the gametocytogenesis of <e1>Plasmodium falciparum</e1> was investigated using a plaque assay and antibodies specific for various stages and sexes of gametocytes. Immunofluorescence assays on plaques of cultured parasites grown in monolayers of erythrocytes revealed that the merozoites released from a single sexually-committed schizont became either all male or all female gametocytes. Thus, the commitment of this species to differentiate into one sex or the other is likely to occur prior to the nuclear division of the sexually-committed schizont. The characteristic female-biased gametocyte sex ratio observed for many <e1>Plasmodium</e1> species is manifested in <e1>P. falciparum</e1> by a greater percentage of schizonts that produce female gametocytes (67–71%) than those that yield males. From the plaque assay, it was determined that the number of gametocytes produced per sexually-committed schizont was similar for both sexes, indicating that allocation of parasite resources was equal for each sex of gametocyte. The timing of sexual differentiation and features of the gametocyte sex ratio is discussed in relation to previous observations on <e1>P. falciparum</e1> and related malaria parasites.