Thermodynamic bases and physiological criteria for the application of heat engines for driving artificial heart ventricles

Conclusion: We have considered the thermodynamic bases for the application of heat engines to drive the ventricles of artificial hearts in humans. An analysis of the Carnot, Brighton, Stirling, and Rankine cycles indicated that the Rankine cycle is preferable, specifically in its implementation in the steam piston engine. In this context it is essential that the optimal operating frequency for the motion of the steam engine's piston lies in the range of physiological frequencies for the contraction of the human heart, which allows the application of this engine for driving IAH ventricles without converting frequencies. We have further considered the physiological criteria for the application of heat engines as part of IAH, such as overall size, mass, efficiency, and provision of hemodynamics. It is pointed out that from the perspective of physiological compatibility the steam piston engine is optimal. With this in mind, for the implanting of a complete IAH it is necessary to supply separate drives for the ventricles by utilizing independent piston engines, as achieved in the “Mikron” project.