Characteristics of Visible-Light Enabled TiO2/ITO Films

Three types of visible-light enabled titanium oxide (TiO2) films deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates at different levels of doping nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) and sputtering power are investigated for their capabilities to both pollution control and splitting water on hydrogen production. All samples are similar in morphological and microstructural features, but differ in their interfacial phase and dopants. For the N,C-codoped TiO2 film prepared at a higher sputtering power, tin ions can permeate into the growing TiO2 film from the ITO substrate and promote the formation of crystalline Ti1-xSnxO2 layer. It shows the highest photocatalytic oxidation rate over methylene blue (MB) solution under ultraviolet and blue light irradiation, respectively. This is ascribed to the photosensitized carbon on the columnar grains, leading an increase in the MB adsorption capacity and light harvesting efficiency. Conversely, the N-TiO2 film prepared at a lower power exhibits the highest photocurrent density and hydrogen yield rate of which a higher Schottky barrier formed at the TiO2/ITO interface. This suggests that the interfacial properties of TiO2/ITO film and C-doping truly control its photocatalytic capabilities in addition to the well-known surface states.