Valence States in CeVO4and Ce0.5Bi0.5VO4Probed by Density Functional Theory Calculations and X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy

Ce is one of the few lanthanide elements to exhibit well-defined (III) and (IV) oxidation states in solid-state environments, and there is therefore ambiguity as to whether CeVO4should be formulated as Ce(III)V(V)O4or Ce(IV)V(IV)O4. To address this question, CeVO4and Ce0.5Bi0.5VO4have been studied by density functional theory calculations and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. A peak above the main O 2p valence band in photoemission is attributed to localized Ce 4f states, in agreement with the calculations which show occupation of Ce 4f states. The Ce 3d core level spectrum is diagnostic of Ce(III) with no sign of a peak associated with 4f0final states that are characteristic of Ce(IV) compounds. The experimental and theoretical results thus confirm that both compounds contain Ce(III) and V(V), rather than Ce(IV) and V(IV). In agreement with experiment, the calculations also show that the tetragonal zircon phase adopted by CeVO4is more stable for Ce0.5Bi0.5VO4than the monoclinic clinobisvanite phase adopted by BiVO4, so that the formation of the stereochemically active Bi(III) lone pairs is suppressed by Ce doping.