Pharmacotherapy for comorbidities in chronic heart failure: a focus on hematinic deficiencies, diabetes mellitus and hyperkalemia

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Chronic heart failure (HF) is frequently accompanied by one or more comorbidities. The presence of comorbidities in chronic HF is strongly correlated to HF severity and impaired outcome.Areas covered: This review will address several comorbidities with high prevalence and/or high impact in patients with chronic HF, including diabetes, anemia, hematinic deficiencies, and hyperkalemia. The background and subsequent pharmacotherapeutic options of these comorbidities will be discussed. For this review, a MEDLINE search was performed.Expert opinion: Heart failure is increasingly considered a multimorbid syndrome, including metabolic derangements and chronic inflammation. Persistent metabolic derangements and low-grade inflammation might lead to progression of HF and the development of comorbidities. Although several comorbidity-specific drugs became available in the past decade, most of these therapies are studied in relatively small cohorts using surrogate end-points. Therefore, larger studies are needed to address whether treating these comorbidities will improve patient outcome in chronic HF.