A trio of endemic New Zealand lichens:Pannaria aotearoanaand P. gallowayi,new species with a new chemo-syndrome, and their relationship withP. xanthomelana

The endemic New Zealand lichenPannaria xanthomelanahas been restudied and found to be characterized by a secondary chemistry of pannarin and porphyrilic acid in addition to terpenoids, and by always having abundant, conspicuously large, and mostly foliose cephalodia. Its verruciform pycnidia and bacilliform pycnoconidia/spermatia are described here for the first time. Two other related New Zealand endemics,P. gallowayiandP. aotearoana, are described as new. Both have small, relatively rare and inconspicuous cephalodia. They contain a new chemosyndrome, with pannarin, contortin andO-methyl-leprolomin together with major quantities of several unidentified terpenoids, previously reported from the related Australian species,P. isidiata.O-methyl-leprolomin is a novel compound, with similar TLC properties to leprolomin, but with different Rfvalues. Most collections of both species from the North and the South Islands of New Zealand contain additional porphyrilic acid. However, this compound is absent from many collections of these species from the subantarctic Campbell and Auckland Islands. Aside from chemistry,Pannaria gallowayiis also distinguished by having broad, papery lobes.Pannaria aotearoanawhich appears to be the more common species, has a thick thallus and characteristic thick, convex, marginal phyllidia, larger spermatia and more conspicuous pycnidia thanP. gallowayiandP. xanthomelana. The three species share two different major chlorobionts.Trebouxiadominates in the north, and is gradually replaced southwards by a type provisionally called cf.Myrmecia.