Electrical and Label-Free Quantification of Exosomes with a Reduced Graphene Oxide Field Effect Transistor Biosensor

Exosomes are small membrane-bound nanovesicles with a size of 50–150 nm which contain many functional biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins. Due to their high homology with parental generation, they are of great significance in clinical diagnosis. At present, the quantitative detection of low concentrations of cancer-derived exosomes present in biofluids is still a great challenge. In this study, we develop an electrical and label-free method to directly detect exosomes with high sensitivity based on a reduced graphene oxide (RGO) field effect transistor (FET) biosensor. An RGO FET biosensor modified with specific antibody CD63 in the sensing area was fabricated and was used for electrical and label-free quantification of exosomes. The method achieved a low limit of detection down to 33 particles/μL, which is lower than that of many other available methods. In addition, the FET biosensor was employed to detect exosomes in clinical serum samples, showing significant differences in detecting healthy people and prostate cancer (PCa) patients. Different from other technologies, this study provides a unique technology capable of directly quantifying exosomes without labeling, indicating its potential as a tool for early diagnosis of cancer.