Preparedness as a key factor for human biomonitoring programs after chemical incidents

Background: Human biomonitoring (HBM) has been repeatedly recommended for and applied to post-incident chemical exposure assessment. The applicability of HBM and the validity of its results, however, closely depend on the existence and quality of preparatory measures such as information and instruction materials, sampling procedures, transport and storage facilities, and on the selection of appropriate biomarkers, sampling time, transport and storage conditions. Objective: To establish a standardized HBM program for emergency responders of a large chemical production site, considering the aforementioned aspects. Methods: An HBM program based on a comprehensive questionnaire, information and training of emergency responders, and availability of sampling material was established. The quantitative determination of metabolites of hazardous substances was carried out based on quality-controlled analytical methods. Results: The use of HBM after emergency operations was significantly increased immediately after the implementation of the program. Only in single cases, however, established HBM assessment values were exceeded. After one major incident, an increased exposure to benzene exceeding the internal action value was observed after firefighting and safeguarding. Significance: The experience with several minor and one major incident at a chemical production site suggests that the implementation of easily accessible and applicable routines is one paramount prerequisite for the success of HBM programs after chemical incidents.