Immunotherapy for Breast Cancer Treatment: Current Evidence andTherapeutic Options

Breast Cancer (BC) has the highest incidence among all forms of malignancies detectedin women globally. The therapeutic approaches available for BC include chemotherapy, radiationtherapy, hormonal therapy, and surgery. Recently, advanced immunology-based therapeutics withpotential for BC treatment, including immune checkpoint blockades, vaccines, and combinationswith other treatment strategies, have emerged. Although commonly used treatments such as trastuzumab/pertuzumab for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive BC and hormone therapyfor estrogen receptor-positive and/or progesterone receptor-positive BC are specific, triple-negativeBC cases remain a great challenge for treatment measures. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-PD-1/anti-CTLA-4) and anti-cancer vaccines (NeuVax, MUC-1, AVX901, INO-1400, andCEA), either alone or in combination with other therapies, represent a new paradigm in cancer therapeutics.In this review, we highlight the current immunotherapeutic aspects and ongoing trialsaimed at the development of better treatment regimens for BC.