In Vivo pO2 Assessment in Subcutaneous and Intraperitoneal sites Using Imaging of Solid Oxygen Probe

The purpose of this study was to assess the natural pO2 of subcutaneous (SC) and intraperitoneal (IP) sites in mice to determine their relative suitability as sites for placement of implants. The pO2 measurements were performed using oxygen imaging of solid probes using lithium phthalocyanine (LiPc) as the oxygen sensitive material. LiPc is a water-insoluble crystalline probe whose spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation rates (R1 and R2) are sensitive to the local oxygen concentration. To facilitate direct in vivo oxygen imaging, we prepared a solid probe containing encapsulated LiPc crystals in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), an oxygen-permeable and bioinert polymer. While LiPc-PDMS or similar probes have been used in repeated spectroscopic or average oxygen measurements using continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) since the late 1990s and now have advanced to clinical applications, they have not been used for pulse EPR oxygen imaging. One LiPc-PDMS probe of 2 mm diameter and 10 mm length was implanted in subcutaneous or intraperitoneal sites (left or right side) in each animal. The pO2 imaging of implanted LiPc-PDMS probes was performed weekly for six weeks using O2M’s preclinical 25 mT oxygen imager, JIVA-25, using the pulse inversion recovery electron spin echo (IRESE) method. At week 6, the probes were recovered, and histological examinations were performed. We report here, first-ever solid probe oxygen imaging of implanted devices and pO2 assessment of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal sites.